Nix V. Williams

Case Citation:Nix v. Williams – 467 U. S. 431 (1984) Facts: In 1968, 10 year old Pamela Powers was abducted and murdered outside of the YMCA in Des Moines, Iowa. A young boy claimed to have seen Williams, outside the YMCA carrying a bundle wrapped in a blanket with two white legs hanging out. The following day Williams, car was spotted approximately 160 miles outside of Des Moines. Additionally, several of the young girls clothing items were found. ; Along with Williams and with the blanket as described by the witness.Based upon these findings, a warrant was issued for Williams’ arrest. While a search was under way, Williams surrendered to the Davenport police, and obtained counsel. Des Moines police advised Williams counsel that they would not question him while transporting him back to Des Moines. However during transport, one of the officers began a conversation with Williams, and urged him to tell them where the body was located, so she could have a â€Å"proper Ch ristian burial. Williams conceded, and directed them to the girl’s body, which was over two miles from the closest search team. Procedural History: Williams filed a motion to suppress the evidence of the body, because it was obtained as fruit of an unlawful interrogation. The court denied this motion, and Williams was subsequently convicted by a jury of first degree murder. The trial court denied the motion, and a jury convicted Williams of first-degree murder.Williams’s state appeal was affirmed by The Iowa Supreme Court. Williams then petitioned the United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa for a writ of habeas corpus, and the court reversed the conviction. The court held that the evidence should have been suppressed. During Williams’ second trial, the prosecution did not offer evidence of the interrogation; however evidence was presented in regards to the condition of the victims body.The trial court allowed this evidence, and concluded t hat the prosecution had shown by a preponderance of the evidence that the victim’s body would have been discovered without Williams’ help. Williams was again convicted by a second jury and sentenced to life in prison. Upon another appeal, the Supreme Court of Iowa affirmed the conviction and the U. S. District Court denied habeas corpus relief. The U. S. Court of Appeals reversed the district court's denial of habeas corpus. The matter then came up before the Supreme Court in certiorari.Issue: Should illegally obtained evidence become admissible in state court if it would have been ultimately discovered by lawful means? Holding: Yes. Evidence that is obtained through unlawful police conduct that would have been discovered inevitably during the course of an investigation does not have to be excluded from trial Reasoning: Justice Burger wrote the decision of the Court, joined by Justice White, Justice Blackmun, Justice Powell, Justice Rehnquist and Justice O’Conno r, and reversed the decision of the appellant court. 1. The Inevitable Discovery Rule If the prosecution is able to establish through a preponderance of evidence that the information ultimately would have been discovered lawfully, then the evidence should be allowed. It was inevitable that the body would have been found. If Williams had not led the police to the victim’s body, the search teams would have eventually discovered the body. The body was located only 2 and half miles away from where the nearest search team originally started looking. 2. ) Exclusion would not result in fairness.Evidence has demonstrated that at the time of unconstitutional interrogation, a search was already in place for the victim, and the body would have inevitably been found. This means had there not be illegal conduct by the police officers, the fairness of the trial would have remained the same. 3. ) Absence of bad faith is not required The justices held that in order to establish the admissibi lity of evidence, the prosecution does not need to carry the burden of proving the absence of bad faith to secure the evidenceConcurrence: Justices White concurred with the holdings, but added that the police officer's action was not unlawful or unconstitutional Justice Stevens, concurred with the holding, however advised that the police officer’s conduct was unconstitutional however because the body would have been discovered anyway the prosecution should be held harmless. Dissent: Justices Brennan and Marshall both dissented stating that though the inevitable discovery doctrine is constitution, the prosecution had the burden of prove that the evidence would have been discovered if an ndependent investigation were allowed to be proceed. Comments: This case resulted in the creation of the Inevitable Discovery Doctrine. However I believe that it undermines the â€Å"fruit of the poisonous tree† doctrine, and enable law enforcement misconduct. The justices stated that th e evidence supports that body would have been found with or without a confession. One might argue that a correctional officer can beat an inmate that is on death penalty to death, because he was going to be killed by the state anyway.

Wipro Report

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESOPONSIBILITY of [pic] Submitted to Prof. Rajeev Gowda [pic] SUBMITTED By JAYAPRASAD V 1011243 JEFFERSON KADUVINAL ABRAHAM 1011244 JITESH MEHTA 1011245 Contents 1. Introduction3 2. Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives3 2. 1 Wipro Cares3 2. 2 Wipro Applying Thought in Schools4 2. 3 Mission10X5 2. 4 ECO Eye5 3. Stake holders and CSR initiatives7 4. Controversies8 5. Conclusion8 6. Appendix9 Introduction Wipro headquartered in Bangalore is one of India’s leading firms which was founded by Mr. M. H Premji. Its business can be categorized under three main headings: †¢ IT, BPO, R&D and Consulting Services: Wipro Technologies, Wipro Infotech †¢ Consumer and Institutional Products: Wipro Consumer Care and Lightning †¢ Infrastructure and Ecological Engineering: Wipro Infrastructure Engineering Wipro as an organization recognizes the importance of corporate social responsibility and has taken several initiatives to benefit the stakeholders. Wipro Model of Good Citizenship[1] [pic] Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives[i] 2. 1 Wipro Cares Unlike mere philanthropy, this initiative channelizes the efforts of the employees and their friends to provide a long term benefit to the society. It focuses on two main areas – assisting in disaster management by providing rehabilitation to the survivors of natural calamities and initiating a learning enhancement program which would improve the skill set and self esteem of the underprivileged children ; thereby ensuring that they grow up to be independent. Under this scheme, Wipro launched five new projects in 2007-08 which was in addition to the eight ongoing projects. Some major ongoing projects are as follows: |Tsunami relief initiatives which include reclamation of agricultural land, donation of boats to fishermen and construction of school | |buildings have been undertaken at Pushpavanam village, Tamil Nadu. | |Learning enhancement programmes which aim to broaden the horizon and increase awareness levels have been successfully implemented in | |several schools – Olcott Memorial School, Chennai, TVK School in Chennai and Government Secondary School, Bangalore. The success of | |these programs aptly demonstrates the benefit of sensitizing and involving employees in contributing to society. | |Wiproites in Kolkatta in association with an NGO provide health care services for families of brick kiln labour camp children. | |In association with Swadhar, an NGO, Wipro has helped set up community centres for marginalized families. A vocational course and a | |school are run by Swadhar from this centre. | |Makkala Jagriti is an after school safe home set up in Bangalore for around 200 children. | 2. Wipro Applying Thought in Schools Wipro firmly believes that an educated India is the key to bring about societal change. This initiative is aimed at improving the quality of education with the long term focus being to develop systems which would allow each child to reach his potential. Projects aimed at educational reform have been undertaken with organizations such as Disha, Gurgaon and Katha, Delhi. Wipro has fostered relationships with many NGO†™s. Wipro is also a member of the CII National Committee of Education Reforms. Wipro Applying Thought In Schools[2] [pic] The experiment based learning projects are of two types: †¢ Holistic School Engagement Programs: Wipro has worked with over 1100 schools. For example, Eklavya in Bhopal, is an initiative at providing education for the economically disadvantaged children by developing material and teacher development programs. †¢ Capability building for organizations: This aims at introducing school reform and providing grants to build resource centres in the organization. For example, support has been given to Udaan-Janvikas, Ahmedabad to build the organization into an educational resource centre. . 3 Mission10X Mission10X, is a not for profit trust established in 2007 with the aim of improving the quality of engineering education in the country and producing employable graduates who are equipped with the necessary skill set. Workshops have been held which have empowered more than 1000 faculty members. These workshops focus on asset building aimed at creating a world class repository of lea rning assets. The mission is to eventually empower 10,000 faculty members by 2010. 2. 4 ECO Eye Wipro has engaged in a transformation drive to fulfil its commitment to ecological sustainability. In addition, it is also trying to educate all stakeholders regarding the fragile ecosystem and the urgent need to take affirmative action. This drive was kicked off in 2008 and it involves all stakeholders – employees, suppliers, partners and communities. As per, Mr Azim Premji, Chairman, Wipro Ltd, â€Å"We firmly believe business cannot be built at the cost of ecology. It is not sustainable. Ecological Sustainability will increasingly be the defining force for society and business globally. Wipro will work on the dimensions of carbon neutrality, water balance, waste management and bio-diversity. Eco Eye is the â€Å"eye† through which we attempt to see everything, and act for ecological sustainability. †[3] | | The themes for eco-action include identification of a portfolio for sustainability investments that will generate new lines of revenue and profits and remodel internal operations to reach neutrality/surplus in the elements of energy, water, waste. In addition, there exists a â€Å"Beyond Wipro† initiative to partner with national and global groups to take sustainability initiatives and to motivate employees to make environment friendly changes in their personal lives. The initiative to invest in a new portfolio for sustainability is in line with Milton Friedman’s views, wherein Wipro has made a business case for social responsibility. In addition, Wipro recognizes that society is becoming more conscious and in due course of time, both customers and employees may demand the need for sustainability and the government may also mandate it. Hence, it is clearly in their interest to take the lead and tap the hitherto unknown business opportunities. Eco Eye allows Wipro to have a â€Å"Going Green† tag, but more importantly it is structured in a way to bring value to the shareholders. This strategic positioning is important as the money spent on the Eco Eye initiatives are viewed as ‘beneficial’ to the shareholders and not a ‘burden’ on them. As per Milton Friedman, if a company spends shareholder money on corporate social responsibility, it is equivalent to a ‘tax’, hence this strategic positioning of generating returns is important for the shareholders. The Eco Eye is a strategic corporate social responsibility initiative (in accordance with Porter and Cramer’s views) that provides mutual benefits to the society and the shareholders. Wipro has also partnered with regional, national and global groups as part of larger sustainability initiatives in energy, water, waste and biodiversity. This has been aimed at bringing about an industry change and alter the rules of engagement in the long run. Some of the key actions undertaken on ecological sustainability include: Reduce carbon footprint by encouraging telephone and video conferences to reduce employee travel emissions, encouraging car pooling. Wipro Eco Energy, a division of Wipro Infrastructure Engineering, offers consulting and implementation services across the spectrum of solar, wind, geothermal and biomass energy sources. †¢ Usage of alternative sources of energy like LED lights, ISO 14001 Certification & Greening of all Buildings based on LEED standards †¢ Redu cing water usage by recycling waste water and harvesting rain water. Wipro Water, a division of Wipro Infrastructure Engineering offers solutions in water treatment space. †¢ In the field of waste management, Wipro has increased the usage of recycled materials and packaging in the design of products which has resulted in significant cost savings. †¢ Conducts regular energy audits. In addition Wipro is a member of the Green Grid, a consortium dedicated to improving the energy efficiency of data centres. Integrated Portfolio of ecological solutions[4] [pic] Stake holders and CSR initiatives[ii] Stock holders: Mr. Azim Premji, Chairman of Wipro is committed to corporate social responsibility. He has established a not-for-profit Azim Premji foundation which aims at introducing a holistic system change in the education system. The ‘Eco Eye’ which is the largest social initiative taken by the company aims at generating new business and providing value to all shareholders. Employees: They are provided with ample opportunities to contribute to society through programs such as ‘Wipro Cares’ and ‘Wipro applying thought in school’ which result in increased motivation. They are also involved in the Eco Eye program to reduce the carbon footprint – car pooling, encouraging video conferencing, E-waste policy. Wipro has also launched Women of Wipro (WoW) with a charter to mentor women leaders, contribute to business growth and to remove disparities in the work-force. Medical benefits and superannuation plans are in place. Career development programs are run to improve the skill set of the employees. In the IT industry, the employees have a sedentary life style. Keeping this in mind, Wipro has initiated a â€Å"Fit for Life† program which aims at improving the physical and mental health of the employees. [iii] Customers: Wipro has set up recycling agencies and processes for recycling E-waste. Customers are provided this service through a single helpline and are actively encouraged to use environment friendly products. This has projected the company as socially responsible and added brand value. Wipro has been environmentally responsible and has launched toxin free â€Å"greenware† desktops. Government: Wipro proactively engages with the government and regulatory bodies to evolve a legal and regulatory framework which addresses the needs of societal stakeholders. Wipro provides feedback to government on vital economic issues. For example, the Offset Policy is aimed at facilitating technology transfer and large defence contracts with MNC’s. In addition Wipro offers advice to the government on educational reforms (in line with its philosophy of introducing a paradigm shift in education) and has also partnered with the government in promoting economic growth in Tier-II and III cities. Wipro is also a signatory to CII’s mission on sustainable growth. Community: The initiatives taken under Eco Eye have an indirect impact on the surrounding communities as the focus is on energy efficiency. Wipro InfoTech has also launched â€Å"Super Genius Bharat PC† in an attempt to bridge the digital divide in India and is targeted specifically at the rural community. Disaster management drives through ‘Wipro Cares’ have benefited victims of natural calamities particularly in Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Orissa. Wipro believes in engaging with the people and is averse to ‘plain cheque book philanthropy’. Wipro in association with civic bodies has worked in areas of ecological importance. For instance, it worked with the Bangalore municipality in 2007 to transplant fully grown trees. Academia: Wipro has education programs aimed at the ‘future generations’ as it has an impact on influencing the future work force. These programs have been launched under â€Å"Wipro Cares†, â€Å"Wipro Applying Thought in Schools† and â€Å"Mission10X†. Initiatives have been taken to train teachers. Non Profit Organizations: Relationships have been nurtured with several NGO’s in promoting community welfare particularly in educating the underprivileged children. Wipro has also received accolades for its environment friendly initiatives and was ranked No. in Green peace’s Guide to Greener Electronics. [iv] Suppliers: Wipro has an ombudsprocess available to all their vendors so that they can raise concerns relating to any breach by the employees. Before finalizing any contract with a vendor, Wipro ensures that the vendor has fair labour practices which include payment of statutory wages to employees, ensuring no gender discrimination and no forced or child labour. Wipro has undertaken responsibility not only for its own actions but has also taken steps to ensure that its suppliers do the same. Controversies[v][vi] In June 2007, Wipro along with two other Indian firms was black-listed for four years by the World Bank from receiving direct contracts under its corporate procurement program. This is the first time that the World Bank had taken such a stern action of black-listing firms. As per the bank, this disciplinary action was necessitated because Wipro had allowed the acquaintances of the bank’s CIO to participate in the â€Å"Directed Share Program†. This program offered American Depository Shares of Wipro in the US, at IPO market price. Wipro claimed that this was simply a ‘goodwill gesture’, since the shared offered were too few to cause any conflict of interest. This controversy caused the share prices to fall by 12%. This clearly shows that there exists no such concept of a â€Å"perfect company† and companies are willing to indulge in unethical practices for their business interests. Conclusion Wipro, through its initiatives has created new market opportunities for itself in the domain of environment friendly products. It realizes that in this day and age, consumers have become more environment conscious and hence Wipro has promoted itself with a green tag. They have tried to convey the message that they are a resource efficient company and have built a reputation around it which makes them attractive to investors, consumers, employees and other stakeholders. They are averse to taking up isolated initiatives and have devised a comprehensive and a coherent strategy for the entire organization. Having a socially aware chairman in the form of Mr. Azim Premji has ensured that the corporate social responsibility initiatives are discussed at the highest level and are an integral part of the business strategy. In the Indian context, Wipro has paved the way forward in the realm of corporate citizenship for other companies to emulate. However, the World Bank controversy illustrates that even companies like Wipro need to always set for themselves high ethical benchmarks. They must never deviate from them even while aiming to maximize their long term business interests. Often, many social and environmental issues are effectively handled if a company is willing to partner with its competitors. Wipro being such a major player in the Indian market can usher in an industry change by collaborating with other companies. Wipro’s initiatives are a testimonial to the dawning realization that corporate social responsibility is the future of business. In the words of Jeffery Hollender, â€Å"It’s what companies have to do to survive and prosper in a world where more and more of their behaviour is under the microscope. † Appendix Eco Eye Development framework[5] [pic] ———————– [1] http://www. wiprocorporate. com/sustainability/Wipro_Sustainability_Report_19Mar2k9. pdf [2] http://www. wiprocorporate. com/sustainability/Wipro_Sustainability_Report_19Mar2k9. df [3] http://www. thehindubusinessline. com/2008/06/06/stories/2008060651012100. htm [4] http://www. wiprocorporate. com/sustainability/Wipro_Sustainability_Report_19Mar2k9. pdf [5] http://www. wiprocorporate. com/sustainability/Wipro_Sustainability_Report_19Mar2k9. pdf ———————– [i] http://www. wiprocorporate. com/sustaina bility/Wipro_Sustainability_Report_19Mar2k9. pdf [ii] http://www. wiprocorporate. com/sustainability/Wipro_Sustainability_Report_19Mar2k9. pdf [iii] http://www. wiprocorporate. com/PressRoom/PR_Fit_for_Life_WC. asp [iv]

HRD in Bangladesh: Chronological Background Essay

Human resource development (HRD)( is the most useful device for enhancing the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of managers to accomplish their tasks efficiently. It helps inculcate right values and attitudes among the managers as well as administrators and their subordinates. It keeps them abreast with changes taking place in various spheres. It is thus, an investment in human resources to ensure the continued quality and adaptability of the administrators of both public and private sector organizations to change and their ability to grasp contemporary social and economic problems. Today it has come to be regarded as very vital and a precondition for national development. In today’s world everything is changing rapidly and every country has to cope with such changes. The strong urge felt by governments to formulate appropriate policies, make timely decisions and implement those decisions to meet the changing demands of the citizens, force them to improve the managerial skills and competence through systematic training. Even the poorer nations of the world now embark upon building training infrastructure for the development of their human resources in an attempt to achieve the goals for wider social, economic and political development. They are often supported in their efforts by international donors, whose advocacy of good governance is another important reason for the increasing emphasis on training and the consequent expansion training arrangements in poorer countries. With a view to contribute in our national development, a good number of public and private training institutes have been playing their role since Pakistan period. In 1960, Gazetted Officers Training Academy (GOTA) was set up in Dhaka for regular and systematic training of the civil servants. National Institute of Public Administration (NIPA) was set up at Dhaka in 1961 mainly to impart public administration training to the mid-level officers of central and provincial governments, autonomous and local bodies. At the same time Bangladesh Management Development Center (BMDC) was established under the Ministry of Industry in order to develop our manpower into human resources through management training. In 1970, BMDC turned into an autonomous training institute. To cater for the training needs of the senior administrators, another training institute; Bangladesh Administrative Staff College (BASC) was established in 1977 as an apex institute. In 1984 the government merged NIPA, COTA and BASC to the Public Administration Training Complex (PATC). PATC, later renamed as Bangladesh Public Administration Training Center (BPATC), is entrusted with the responsibility of imparting training to officers of all categories. In order to synchronize the efforts of different training institutions and to make training relevant to the process of national development, a National Training Policy was formulated in 1986. At present many training institutes like BCS (admin) Academy, Bangladesh Institute of Management (BIM), Bangladesh Public Administration Training Center (BPATC), Land Acquisition Training Center (LATC), Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD), Academy for Planning and Development (APD), Rural Development Academy (RDA) and National Academy for Education and Management (NAEM) are playing a vital role in our national development as the public training institutes through training activities. Besides these, few NGOs like HAMIBA HRD Centre, BRAC, Steps towards Development (STD), PROSHIKA, Resource Integration Centre (RIC), SKILL (Specialized Knowledge and Information Liner for Life), SPEED and so on are initiating training activities as private sector training institutes for our national development. [pic] ( HRD is a process of developing human resource through appropriate need based training. ———————– HR Functions: Employee Development Objectives: After reading this chapter you should be able to †¢ Be familiar with HRD programs in Bangladesh †¢ Identify the HRD approaches †¢ Distinguish between HRD and HRM †¢ Discuss the activities involved in HRD process

Classification Essay - 'Life's A Door' Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Classification - 'Life's A Door' - Essay Example What’s important, and something that we frequently forget, is that professors have personalities as well as their own lives outside of the classroom. Yes, believe it or not, professors have their own lives and some even their own families! Professors do not exist on this planet solely to lecture, scold and fail students . While the personalities of professors are varied, this research essay seeks to demystify the illusive Fordham University professor personality. This classification essay thus endeavors to place things systematically into categories and endeavor to discover the larger patterns of professors’ personalities by grouping ideas and concepts together. What does our classification of professor’s doors reveal about professors? The following will explore this important question with an eye to understanding the illusive personalities of Fordham University professors. Exploring the hallways of our University, I stumbled across a wide array of information on the doors of professors which led me to hesitantly conclude that yes, professors at our esteemed institute of higher education do have personalities! In the United States professors often seem preoccupied with lectures, exams and securing necessary funding for research projects. Little do we – the students – know that our professors have vibrant and often eccentric personalities. Looking at the eclectic doors of the professors of Fordham University, I had the opportunity to understand a little bit about what inspires professors and makes them tick. Exploring the doors of professors I determined that professionalism and humor were key to uncovering the personalities of professors. Following this, inspirational sayings were another important characteristic of the doors of profs as they sought to inspire the student body. Finally, unabashed departmental promotion was a characteristi c which was

Police Corruption, Misconduct, and Brutality Essay

Police Corruption, Misconduct, and Brutality - Essay Example The reason for this is associated with the fact that the nature of police work is a fertile ground for growth of corruption. Walker and Katz (2011) note that, police corruption is as old as policing itself and is not limited to the present day. His argument is supported by Sherman, who argued that police corruption has been in existence as long as have there been the police. Goldstein also cites that corruption is prevalent to policing and that the nature of police work is bound to force police officers to tempting bribes. The first police corruption was reported in 1970s in New York by Knapp Commission, from which two types of corrupt officers were identified. These include the grass-eaters and meat-eaters. It was observed that grass-eaters are very submissive and accepts any kind of bribe offered to them. Meat-eaters, on the other hand, are so aggressive and will always look out for opportunities to exploit for their own financial gains. However, research reveals that most corrupt officers in the US are grass-eaters. Some forms of police corruptions having been reported are those ripping off drug dealers or dealing drugs themselves. Others receive bribes to cover evidence while others have been convicted for covering their own acts of torture, brutality and murder (Dempsey and Forst, 2010). One case involving police corruption is that Joseph Miedzianowski, a former Chicago police officer who has entered the history books as one of the most corrupt corps in America’s history. During his 22 years of work as an officer in Chicago, Miedzianowski was accused of having planted guns and drugs on suspects, brutally tortured them with hot coat hanger and even hit them using lead-knuckled gloves, steeling their drugs, and other possessions. During his trial, he was also accused of fixing criminal cases against his gang members, and secured their release from prisons for sexual rendezvous with girl friends. He was also convicted of having assisted wanted criminal s flee the state, supplied guns, and ammunitions to gang members. The other count leveled against him in court was that he betrayed his workmates by undermining investigations of his gang members and telling them to burglarize the homes of corps’ and steel their guns (Lighty, 2003). Outcome of the case Despite initially denying the charges, Miedzianowski later confessed of having been guilty of the charges and was convicted for 10 counts including conspiracy, drug and racketeering in April 2001. The federal judge then sentenced him to life imprisonment (Lighty, 2003). My position regarding the outcome I agree with the charges handed to Miedzianowski. The reason being, investigations conducted proved beyond the reasonable doubt that the accused was involved in the alleged corruption and misconduct. Therefore, handing him life sentence was the best since it will make other police officers and citizens stop engaging in corruption, knowing very well that if convicted, they may al so be incarcerated for life. Police Misconduct in USA Police misconduct refers to illegal and improper actions on the part of the police officer. Police officers are expected to adhere to ethical principles set to them. In addition, police officers should be role models in showing exemplary behavior to the rest of society. Police officers should understand that they are not above the law; they can be prosecuted when they engage in improper behavior. In most cases, police conduct arises due to abuse of

No Country for Old Men Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

No Country for Old Men - Movie Review Example This can be substantiated through his killing of the boss and other rivals coming his way concerning money. Moss tries to keep away from the drug dealer, although what follows is extensive blood spills while he tries to get Moss to give him the lost money. It comes as a surprise for Moss as he tries to run away from the relentless Chigurh (Chisholm). In the meantime, Sherriff Bell supervises and directs all the investigations concerning the case in order to prevent similar crimes that had been on the argument within the region. In the movie, Bell has managed miniature, concerning delivery of justice in one case that the convicted person got death row judgment. He considers that the region has a different viewpoint although while handling the case a lot seems to have changed (Chisholm). Every aspect of the society had considerably transformed into something that cannot be explained in a more profound manner than what is depicted. Chigurh dispatches his hit men to kill Moss and his you ng wife and take the satchel back. However, they are unable to execute the plan since Moss and wife manage to run away from the hit men dispatched to recuperate the lost satchel. The events that transpire in the region catch Bell by surprise since, in the time that he has lived in that region, there were little cases of violence (Chisholm). The region gets marred with violence in the period that Chigurh and his gunmen undertake the task of recapturing their moneybag. The community that Bell knew was quiet and peaceful with little misfortunes although, at that time, it had turned into something majorly dissimilar. The source of the violence that the region experiences are from Aton Chigurh as he tries to repossess the satchel with the assistance of a radio transponder that had been implanted on the bag. The transponder allows Chigurh, and the other gunmen to track the movement of Moss although Moss is unconscious of the device on the satchel. Chigurh is considered a psychopath since, in previous dealings, he had killed many people who he considered having ties with his monies. The violence that occurs within the movie can be profoundly linked to the actuality that he has access to homemade weapons for instance, silencer guns that allow him to execute people with little attention to the locals and authorities (Chisholm). The character is considered the most creations according to critics because most themes are linked to him especially the genre of violence. Violence dominates most scenes of the movie with other genres being considered inferior to violence, which is contemplated principal in the creation of the story. Chigurh not only kills the people who mess with his money but also individuals who offer comments that he does not like. Bell informs Moss and his wife about the violence that ensues within the region as well as the peril that the couple has to face with the drug dealers and other arsonists. However, Moss is convinced that he can take Chigurh and h is clue down through the experiences and intelligence that he had earlier obtained in Vietnam as a war veteran (Chisholm). Moss seems experienced through numerous tasks that he undertakes in Vietnam with other war veterans. However, the violence that ensues around the place that Bell seeks to reexamine the situation concerning his capacities to undertake certain measures. He feels obliged to deal with the fresh criminal brutality that ensues in his place of

Should American Soldiers have Invaded into the Irak War Essay

Should American Soldiers have Invaded into the Irak War - Essay Example activities to religiously aggravated 'jihad.' There is currently a self-governing Iraqi regime, and a contract in place to get rid of a considerable number of US military troops from the state. President Bush argued all through the two terms of his administration that the warfare in the country Iraq was a front procession in a war in opposition to global violence and terrorism. This belief was contemplated annually in special foundational addresses, and brought about substantial debate in the U.S and around the world. This essay will cover up the reasons as to why the American soldiers shouldn’t have invaded into Iraq. At the present it is finally recognized that there were no organic associations between Al Qaeda and Iraq in 2003, nor were artillery or weapons of mass obliteration and destruction ever found. So the question which arises is that should American soldiers have invaded into the Iraq War? A number of people think that the war was a fair and just route, while on th e other hand many believe that it was an intended endeavor by the American government to guard their economic wellbeing. This essay will draw attention to the two aspects of the debate that have been carried out in recent times. Individuals that defended this confrontation, particularly those that admire George .w. Bush state that if Iraq is not calmed down or stabilized, it could turn out to be a ground for terrorist breeding and a secure location for Osama Bin Laden or one more Saddam. The truth remains that the American armed forces that marched into Iraq failed to present the weapons they declared Hussein had his hands on. If the government of the United States truly planned to get rid of leaders who crush or trample upon the rights of humans or of their nation, Saddam must not have been the single target while at the moment of the attack. In my own opinion, American attack on Iraq was established on economic motives. US administration had the oil in mind which is abundantly fou nd in Iraq, and that was the purpose for execution the attack even without the complete agreement or support of the UN Security Commission. An attack on Iraq for the intention of "government transformation" would not be an officially authorized war if one considers the international law. As stated by Mohammad Taghi â€Å"Article 2(4)  of the UN Charter states that All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations." Random assassinations, use of grenades, dozens of aggressive groups, and an intensified feeling of insecurity and depression troubles Iraq. The proof of enveloping and relentless chaos is all over the place, from the official figures of mortality to extended approximations of numerical results, from the news of families abandoning hazardous areas by the amount of tens of thousands to the demolishing of governance. As stated by Thomas G. Manken â€Å"The lethal fighting is all-pervading, but without an evident front or a visible strategy and for those reasons, among others, it is poorly understood.† Bombing of nationals population is a type of violence and terrorism  even more repugnant comparative to low-tech terrorism street killing and bombing of innocents. Opponents of the attack argued that it lead to the loss of hundreds of Iraqi nationals and military in addition to

The Persuasive Power of the Media Research Paper

The Persuasive Power of the Media - Research Paper Example In addition to that, the paper seeks to find out which models are most genuine when it comes to explaining the influence of media on society (Wimmer, 2010). Lastly, the paper will apply one of the theories to a current example in the media with the purpose of critiquing the model. The theories Various theories have been put forward to actually explain how media influences people and the power it has to do so. These are Cognitive dissonance theory, Communication accommodation theory, Spiral silence theory, Uses and Gratification theory and Symbolic interaction theory. Cognitive dissonance theory Proponents of this theory argue that experience of dissonance is always aversive and people always tend to ensure that they avoid it completely (Niklas, 2000). Dissonance, in this case, means incompatible believes and actions. In so doing, the theory puts it that people tend to seek and find out something that does not contradict their opinion or belief. They also seek to hear something that i s in line with their thinking and therefore make decisions that do not bring about feelings of dissonance. In explaining the influence that the media has on society, the theory argues that information delivered to the people through the mass media is made to be in line with what those in societies expect. The end process of all this is where the mass media is able to change the beliefs, attitude, and actions of people thereby influencing them. Communication accommodation theory The theory originated from the speech accommodation theory in communication skills. The main interest of this theoretical perspective is to explain what happens whenever two people are communicating and they shift their communication style. The theory argues that whenever people are communicating to others, they will always ensure that they shift their communication style to fit that of others (Stay, 2006). To ensure that this is achieved people always tend to either use convergence or a divergent approach to communicate to the mass.

Below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Below - Essay Example Therefore, a reflective analysis of the language, imagery, and tone of â€Å"Father and Son† and â€Å"The Portrait† suggests that Kunitz expresses his feelings for his father and he confront his personal traumas more deeply in these poems than in his earlier verse. In the poem â€Å"Father and Son†, there are several instances and evidences which suggest the poet’s feelings for his father and the language, imagery, and tone of the poem substantiate this view. The language of the poem is so powerful that it reveals the poet’s great feelings for his father. The poet calls his father ‘the secret master of my blood’ and expresses his desire to follow the paths of his father. The language and the tone of the poem also suggest the poet’s great bond to his father who kept him in chains through his indomitable love. â€Å"Mile after mile I followed, with skimming feet, / After the secret master of my blood, / Him, steeped in the odor of ponds, whose indomitable love / Kept me in chains.† (Father and Son, lines 6-9) The stunning imagery used in the poem also helps the poet convey his great bond to his father and images such as ‘load of ripeness’, ‘secret master of my blood’, â₠¬Ëœodor of ponds’, ‘indomitable love’ etc are some examples. Similarly, Kunitz also draws an essential portrait of his father in his poem â€Å"The Portrait† with the sheer merit of his words, language, imagery and tone. The poet specifies how his mother was contemptible about the way and time his father killed himself. Through the convincing portrayal of the mother’s feelings for his father, the poet hints how poignant his personal story has been. The poet is at his best when he expresses how â€Å"She locked his name / in her deepest cabinet / and would not let him out, / though I could hear him thumping.† (The Portrait, lines 7-10) The tone of the poem also points to the poet’s deep sense of loss at the death of his

Mergers and Acquisitons Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Mergers and Acquisitons - Case Study Example A merger actually refers to a business combination of two or more firms in which only one firm survives and the other firm or firms go out of existence. In a merger, the surviving firm acquires the assets and liabilities of the other firm(s). A relevant example here is the recent merger of HDFC Bank and Times Bank. After the merger, Times Bank will go out of existence and expanded HDFC Bank will continue to exist. A merger takes place when the firms involved in the combination are of unequal size. The larger or stronger firm continues to exist because of its stronger bargaining power and the smaller or weaker firms go out of existence. Four periods of economic history have witnessed very high levels of merger activity, which are called a merger waves. These periods are characterized by cyclical activity i.e. large number of mergers followed by relatively fewer mergers ((ICMR), 2003). The current period is called as the fifth wave. In the first three waves, merger activity was concentrated in the United States of America. The fourth and the fifth waves were global in nature though the impact of the wave is most pronounced in the United States of America. The current merger wave began in 1992. This wave is marked by a large number of mega-mergers and cross-border mergers. Prior to this, there had been four different waves of mergers and acquisitions happening each being predominantly different. A famous example of the acquisition in the fourth wave of merger and acquisition row is the acquisition of Safeway, Britain's fourth largest supermarket group (Sky News, 2003) by William Morrison Supermarkets which operates in Central London and England (Arla Foods, 2003). The major drivers for the current wave are deregulation, globalization and technology. The increasing levels of deregulation are enabling companies to enter or expand their operations in areas which had significant regulatory barriers. The sectors where the impact of the wave is most visible are telecommunications, entertainment and media, banking and financial services. Safeway PLC was going through a troubled phase of business and was also struggling to cope up with the competition from the other retail giants in UK. As part of this struggle to compete, Safeway has also started experiencing the decline in its brand equity. All these struggles of Safeway were despite its strong national portfolio of having almost more than 450 outlets all across the United Kingdom. Going ahead, though William Morrison is a regional retail player in the United Kingdom having its strength in Midlands and in Northern Europe. Though William Morrison PLC is a regional player, the main strength of the company is its brand image and reputation in the market. One of the fundamental motives that drive mergers and acquisitions is the growth impulse of firms. Firms that decide to expand have to choose between two generic growth strategies, one is the organic growth and the other being the acquisition driven growth. The former one is a slow,

Long Beach Municipal Cemetery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Long Beach Municipal Cemetery - Essay Example hich is understood to have been developed as a graveyard for Bixby Ranch employees according to the information provided by the City of Long Beach official website. Despite of the presence of a Bixby Mausoleum on the site, none of the Bixby family members are said to have been buried there as the bodies of George and Helen Bixby were exhumed on February 27, 1923 and now lay in the Evergreen Cemetery, Los Angeles. The cemetery site is home to some standing headstones that date back to as early as 1900s, while a few flat headstones are also present, they have become so deteriorated over the passage of time that it is not quite possible to read the writing on them as the dates and names have become faded. Records suggest that the City of Long Beach assumed the responsibility of a majority of the ground’s maintenance on 10th of July, 1900, for which the Long Beach Cemetery Association was previously accountable for. As per the information provided in the book released by Questing Heirs Genealogical Society, INC., the first interment at the cemetery took place in 1878, which was of a 17-year-old boy named Milton F. Neece. Other famous internments at the cemetery apart from that of Willmore’s are of U.S Congressman Alexander Hamilton Jones, who died on January, 29th, 1901, Amanda Ellen Wiley Harmon, a deaf inventor who died in 1933 and Grace Bush Eads, the first Long Beach school teacher who departed in 1944. It can be interpreted that the demographics of the community surrounding the cemetery have not gone through a substantial change over the past 50 years, with the racial makeup containing a majority of White population followed by African American members, according to the United States Census Bureau. Even though, diversity in the area does exist with Hispanic and Asian inhabitants it is unclear and inconclusive whether they constituted of a major part of the community around the time when the Long Beach Municipal Cemetery was established. However, indication of

Laertes to be cordial with everyone Essay Example for Free

Laertes to be cordial with everyone Essay This line tells us once again that the man who listens more but talks less is more prosperous and successful. He also tells Laertes to control his temper if anyone rebukes him. Even here Shakespeare has used personification as he describes ear and voice as things that can be given. When he says take each mans censure he is telling Laertes to hear out everybodys opinion but not to voice his own regarding anything. Shakespeare uses the words give and take almost everywhere in this speech. Polonius also says, Beware of entrance to a quarrel. This is an important lesson for Laertes and for the reader too. It is important to Laertes because he is going away to a foreign country where he does need friends not enemies. The word, beware signals a warning, which shows us the importance of the usage of this word. The word, entrance means starting. It is important it highlights the way Shakespeare highlighted certain actions by using more figurative language. He tries to tell us and Laertes that it is not not not not important not to start a quarrel nor should anyone enter a quarrel. This can be compared to the next phrase in which he also tells Laertes to be cordial with everyone. Polonius also asks Laertes to stay away from the common folk when he says, Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar. This line means that he should be familiar with everyones habits and thoughts but not be too friendly. He is also trying to tell Laertes to be pleasant with his dealings with people but not to be too cheap among common people. It is this moral value that we can only partly accept and learn. It is correct that we should be pleasant in our dealing with people but the fact that we should not mix with the common people is wrong. It shows us that the higher class of people in the Victorian era did not respect or accept the commoners as a part of society. This is in fact the only place where we have to learn the opposite. We should learn that it is not a disgrace to blend in with people who have less money or less food. We can see that Shakespeare has used a strong word, vulgar, in describing the lower class of people. The use of this word shows us the feelings of the aristocrats. It tells us how we should respect all kinds of people however poor they may be. It also adds to the lesson that if he has to stay away from all kinds of quarrels and fights he should be warm and cordial in his dealings with everyone. During the speech Polonius also communicates the importance of saving. This is expressed when he says, Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy, But not expressed in fancy; rich, not gaudy For the apparel oft proclaims man. In this line we come to learn a very important lesson that is even important in our daily lives today. Polonius imparts to his son not to wear any attire that is expensive, extravagant flamboyant ostentatious. He should always be moderate reasonable in his spending and only buy things that are within his limits or that which his purse can buy. We see Shakespeare use of figurative language in this line as he personifies the purse to something that is capable of buying things. However it is important to understand that Polonium also meant for his son to dress well For the apparel oft proclaims man as the quote signifies. Further in the speech, Polonius also tells Laertes something that has become one of the most famous lines in our time. Laertes is advised by his father to be, neither a borrower nor a lender is. This, of course has a lot of moral value whether it be in the Victorian era or the modern era. It shows us that Polonius tells Laertes to guard against excessive spending. He should never spend money to an extent that he will be in depth and will need to borrow money. He should not even help anyone during their times of need. This shows us that Polonius was indeed a very selfish character and also tries to tell his son to be so too. In a way he is noble also because he lives within the limits of what he can buy and imparts this knowledge to his son. This can be compared to the previous lesson in which he tells Laertes not to buy fancy or rich things so as to spend all his wealth. We can see how Shakespeare links the two ideas to seem as though they are the same. The word, costly, in the first idea and the word, borrower in the next makes the association. It is important for us to realize the importance of wealth in our lives as Shakespeare does and tries to convey this to us. He also tries to show us the consequence when he says, For loan oft loses both itself and friend. This piece of knowledge tells us just how one must socialize. It also shows us that borrowing or lending money can be disastrous for a friendship. It is quite obvious that Shakespeare is trying to convey to us the importance of a good friendship that is not plagued by money. Another lesson that Polonium gives to his son is- this above all: to thane own self be true, and also says that if Laertes does follow this then he canst not then false to any man. This piece of wisdom is quite important in society today. It is our conscience that we should answer to at the end of the day and not any one else. If we are true to our conscience then we will be true to everyone around us. Here again Shakespeare stresses on the fact that we should not lie, quite contrary to the opinion that he promotes lying when Polonius tells Laertes to keep silent about certain aspects. This truly displays the way he has portrayed his genius. He manages to tell us to be diplomatic but not to lie. The lessons learnt from these speeches apply to our everyday life also as they highlight how we should act and our moral values and conscience also comes into question here. Both Laertes and Hamlet are loving sons to their parents. In fact Laertes is a foil to Hamlet. Both are young men who have had their fathers murdered and both seek revenge. The difference between them is that while Laertes is hot blooded , active and seeks immediate revenge Hamlet thinks over the moral rightness and wrongness of his actions but the end result is the same-that by seeking revenge, by taking Gods justice into their own hands and by seeking to destroy another human life both young men are killed . So what is Shakespeares message and advice to us? Not to seek revenge? Not to take the law into your hands however justified it may be? But to avenge your fathers death and to destroy the murderer of your father, is it not the duty of a son and a matter of honor? This is something that Shakespeare does not give a conclusive solution to. He leaves it to us, people of different societies and different periods to make our choices and decisions based on our moral rules and the traditions and practices and conventions of the society that we belong to. But what Shakespeare seems to underline is that destroying another human life whether justifiably or not will have its consequences. Hamlet also explores the theme of friendship and loyalty. Among the hundreds of young men that Hamlet could have as his friends he finds that only Horatio is to be trusted and valued. He has complete faith in Horatio. It is to Horatio alone that Hamlet confides all his secrets. Even on his return secretly from England after tricking Rosencrantz and Guildenstern; it is to Horatio that Hamlet narrates the whole sequence of events. At the end of the play when Hamlet lies dying and Horatio shows his loyalty to his beloved friend by preparing to die with him I am more an antique Roman than a Dane. Heres some liquor left. Hamlet lays upon him the duty of clearing his wounded name. He enjoins upon Horatio the sacred task of making the world aware of why and how Hamlet came to meet his end If thou didst ever hold me in thy heart, Absent thee from felicity awhile, And in this hash word draw thy breath in pain, To tell my story. In contrast Hamlets friendship with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are shown as false and contemptible. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are young men who tried to take advantage of their friendship for Hamlet. They turned out to be Claudiuss spies and professed friendship with Hamlet for self advancement. And so Hamlet when he discovered the nature of the message that they were carrying to the king of England he substituted Claudiuss order with a fake one according to which it was instructed that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern be put to sudden death , Not shriving time allowed. Hamlet shows no regret or remorse for his deed. Infact he declares they are not near my conscience. Thus what Shakespeare is perhaps trying to teach us is that true and loyal friends are rare and precious. They are to be valued and honored. For every true friend that we have we may have double the number of false friends who will plot our downfall if it is to their advantage. Shakespeares message is therefore is to be wary of such false friends. Hamlet also contains lengthy discourses on man and how he is in every way the crown of creation. Shakespeare has used his wealth of poetic genius and shows his incredible mastery over poetic expressions when he describes the beauty of the earth and man as an exquisite piece of art. Looking at the star studded sky he waxes poetic. He calls the sky This most excellent canopy, Brave oerhanging firmament, This majestically roof fretted with golden fire. Man itself is a piece of work that is to be admired and appreciated. Hamlet is full of admiration of this exquisite creation of nature and exclaims What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, in form, and moving how express and admirable, in action how like and angle , in apprehension how like a god. Later in a discussion with Horatio Hamlet talks of who is an ideal man. According to him the perfect man is in whom passion and reason are so well co meddled that they are not a pipe for fortunes finger to sound what stop she please. Hamlet considers Horatio as such an ideal man and through Hamlets intelligent, detailed and perceptive analysis Shakespeare is telling us about how man can become a paragon of animals by balancing emotions and reason. Hamlet is greatly empresses by Fortinbras and his adventures when he is told of how the Norwegians risked the lives of 20,000 men for a little patch of ground that hath in it no profit but the name. Hamlet comes to the conclusion Rightly to be great, is not to stir without great argument, but greatly to find quarrel in a straw when honors is at stake. Hamlets character changes during the course of the play. Towards the end especially after his violent confrontation with his mother we see the mellowing of Hamlet and how he slowly seems to be at peace with himself. Perhaps it is the fact that Gertrude and Hamlet has reached something of a better understanding that has given him this peace, because after the closet scene we see Gertrude being more supportive of Hamlet. She does not confide in Claudius the truth about Hamlets madness that he is not really mad but Only mad in craft. Hamlet acknowledges the presence of a higher power in our lives. It may have been his escape from death not once but twice that has built up a stronger Christian faith in him. He had on an impulse rashly, And praised be rashness for it- let us know our indiscretion sometimes serves us well, opened the official document entrusted with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and made the astonishing discovery that Claudius himself has passed the order That on the supervise, no leisure bated, No, not to stay the grinding of the axe, My head should be struck off. On the same voyage he had escaped death a second time from the hands of the pirates. It is these experiences that had also had a chastening effect on him. Through Hamlet Shakespeare invites us to strengthen out faith in the omniscient when he says Theres a divinity that shapes our ends, rough-hew them how we will. Later in the same scene Hamlet reaffirms this that There is a special providence in the fall of a sparrow. This faith is established when he continues by saying the readiness is all which means that since no one knows what happens after death , it does not matter whether we die early or not. In a way Hamlet was committing himself in Gods hands and he shows an extraordinary wisdom, humility and maturity which are a lesson to all of us. In Act 5 Scene 1 Hamlet is seen in a mood of contemplation with the skull of Yorrick. Through the image of the skull Shakespeare conveys a powerful message. The picture of the young prince contemplating Yorricks skull is a universally recognized icon. The singing grave digger has a profound impact both on Hamlet and on us. He is amusing and terrifying at the same time because he is so full of life and so at home with death . His profession is dealing with something that we would not want to think about and very often struggle to make sense of. The grave digger is the one who has dug grave in which Ophelia is to buried. Soon he will deal with Hamlet, Laertes, with the king and the Queen and finally he will deal with us all whether we are somebody or nobody . Thus the grave digger is the assistant of that Great Leveller- Death. Hamlet says Alexander died, Alexander was buried, Alexander returneth to dust; dust is earth; of earth we make loam. Long before Alexander and Caesar, Claudius and Hamlet came into the world. The grave digger was busy and he will be at his work long after their brief exits and entrances. He has been there from the beginning of human history and will be busy until the final trumpet. Thus through the image of the skull and the grave digger Shakespeare presents a reminder to us about our mortality. Hamlet is the longest as well as the most complex of all Shakespeares plays. Hamlet the introspective, contemplative, intellectual and highly perceptive university scholar offers us a deep and profound examination into the nature of human life. The play deals with such eternal themes as death, the meaning and purpose of mans life, the choices that are available to him and the choices that he should be able to make. Shakespeare does not offer any solutions either foe us or for Hamlets own problems. What he does is point out the strength and draw backs of each of the choices that Hamlet and we have made or are likely to make. In this way the play is not simply a plot with characters enacting certain specified rules but it is a manual about life providing us with knowledge, information, wisdom and values that would be an education for life through the medium of drama and therein lies Shakespeares greatness.

Leadership Is About Leading Followers Management Essay

Leadership Is About Leading Followers Management Essay According to Williams, C McWilliams, A, leadership is about leading followers to achieve organization or company goals. The purpose of this essay is to define the differences between transformational leadership and transactional leadership. The former facilitates a redefinition of a peoples mission and vision, a renewal of their commitment and the restructuring of their systems for goal accomplishment (Leithwood, cited in Cashin et al. 2000, pp. 1). While the latter occur when the give and take exchange happens. Transformational leadership usually called as a charismatic leadership. It is the most studied guide of leadership (Bass 1985, 1990; Bass Avolio 1993, 1994; Gastil 1994; Lowe et al.1996; Pawar Eastman 1997; Shamir et al. 1998; Yammorino et al.1997; Yukl 1994), while transactional leadership called as an authoritative leadership, serves to articulate and establish positions held by the leader. This leadership is the least supportive of intentional change (McWhinney 1997, pp. 194). The differences between both of them are the process and the behavior. The process of transformational leadership which is a leadership focusing on team building and strategies where all employees and leaders have a strong bond to make decisions to reach the target. For example: the McDonalds manager obligation is to make strategy how to provide less time to serve the chickens. While the process of transactional leadership is about making sure everything goes as desire and about the reward and the punishme nt. The rewards are given such as honor, wage, etc. While, the punishment is well understood by everyone. The example of transactional leadership is job for McDonalds employees is to sell as many chickens as possible. According to Bass (1985), transactional leadership behaviors which are the leadership aiming at monitoring and controlling employees through rational or economic means. While transformational leadership behaviors are a variety of field studies demonstrating that are positively related to employees satisfaction, self-reported effort, and job performances. Transformational / charismatic leadership usually make a better performance than transactional / authoritative leadership. It will produce a greater satisfaction and make less role conflict.   In addition, Ashkanasy Tse (2000) and Bass (2002) said that, emotions are playing an important rule in the leaderships process. Transformational leadership is very sensitive to the emotions of the followers. This sensitiveness could lead the followers to a good result if the leaders have a positive thought. Example: if the leaders of the groups have a very high self-motivation, the followers can reach beyond what they expected because they can trust their leaders, otherwise if leaders without positive thought, the leaders will not get the employees trust. While in the transactional leadership, it does not seem to be as sensitive as the transformational leadership. In this leadership, the leaders are not supporting the employees and cause the negative effects that make frustrations, sadness and regret to the employees because not getting what they want or expect. So, transformational leadership is more related to the positive effects while transactional leadership is more related to the negative effects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Everyone personality is different, so do the leaders. Which will provide different impact to the followers. Bass (1985) identified eight dimensions of leadership behaviors. The first transformational behavior is an idealized influence, refers to leaders who have a very high personal regard and who engender loyalty from followers. The second transformational leadership behavior is an inspirational motivation, refers to leaders with a strong vision for the future based on values and ideals. The third transformational leadership dimension is an intellectual stimulation, which refers to leaders who challenge organizational norms. Individual consideration is the fourth transformational leadership dimension, refers to a leader behavior aiming at recognizing the unique growth and development the needs of followers. The fifth is contingent reward, refers to leadership behaviors focused on exchange of resources. The next one is management by exception-active, refers to monitoring performance and taking corrective action as necessary. In the management by exception-passive, the leaders are taking a passive approach. Finally, Bass (1985) included Laissez-Faire under the transactional leadership label.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     An example of Malaysians business which have transformational leadership is Air Asia. The owner of Air Asia is Tony Fernandes who was born on 30th  April 1964, this organization is bought by him from DRB-Hicom. He studied in London, United Kingdom majoring in Finance in 1976 and graduated in 1987. Before he joined Warner Music International London in 1989 and had been promoted four times in twelve years (approximately promoted every three years), he worked in Virgin group majoring in communications. In 1992, he was transferred to Malaysia back to his hometown. And at the age of 28, he received the title of the youngest person in recording music industrys history to head Warner Music Malaysia. Unfortunately, he leave his promising career in music industry which he had earned the position as a vice president, ASEAN region because he was going to build a low price airline based on almost the same business models as in USA (Southwest Airlines) and E urope (Ryanair easyJet). Setia Mahkota Selangor is the title which he got in 1999 and given by his Royal Highness King of Malaysia Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah. In this airline organization he lead, the first priority is the employees, it can be said that this is showing the organizations loyalty. Because of this organizations trustworthiness, the employees give a good service to the customers to show the respect to the organization. This transformational leadership behavior is included into an idealized influence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even though transformational leadership is more recommended than transactional leadership as it is said above, it does not mean that transactional leadership is not important. Because the function of transactional leadership is to motivate employees to do beyond than they could expect. So both of the leadership is needed in every organization. The organization should balance their leadership between the transformational and transactional leadership. (916 words)

ELISA Test for Virus Detection

ELISA Test for Virus Detection Zohrah Miakheyl Immunology practical Introduction Viruses are small living organisms that requires living host for its survival and can lead to infection if it fully invades the host cells taking over the cell machinery to produce virus. There are many different viral infections including Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Cytomegalovirus. Measles is an infection of the respiratory system caused by the measles virus. The measles virus is very contagious and can easily spread via sneezing, coughing and personal contact. Measles is known by the red-brownish rash starting on the face and spreading to the rest of the body. Other symptoms of measles virus include fever, diarrhoea, runny nose, conjunctivitis and dry cough (Permar et al, 2006). Mumps is an infection caused by the paramyxovirus. This viral infection is also highly contagious like Measles and spreads also via sneezing, coughing and direct contact. Mumps usually causes swollen salivary glands, fever, dry mouth and difficulties in swallowing. Rubella is an infection caused by Rubell a virus, member of the genus Rubivirus. The spread of the virus is similar to measles and Mumps. Most common symptoms of this infection are a pink, light red rash lasting up to three days, mild fever, cold cough, sore throat, conjunctivitis and joint pain in adults (Stock, 2012). In contrast to Measles, Mumps and Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) usually don’t have any symptoms and therefore most people being infected may not know that they have CMV. People who are being infected often develop mild symptoms similar to flu or glandular fever. This viral infection can become serious in babies infected before birth, because this virus can be transmitted from mother to foetus. Cytomegalovirus is a virus belonging to herpes family of viruses. This virus is spread via body fluids (saliva and urine) and personal contact (Griffiths, 2002). The above stated viral infections usually occur at childhood, but it can occur at any age. Measles, Mumps and Rubella are often protected by giving t he children MMR vaccination at 13 months and a booster is often given to three to five years old children. To find out from what the four patients are suffering from ELISA technique was applied to detect antiviral antibodies in patient’s serum for the viral infections Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Cytomegalovirus. Method  Ã‚   Results Figure 1 microtitre plate showing the results of the four patients tested. The ELISA technique shows that patient 1 is positive for Measles (IgM) and CMV (IgG), patient 2 is positive for Measles and Rubella (IgG), Patient 3 is positive for measles (IgG) and patient 4 is positive for CMV (IgM) and Measles, Mumps and Rubella (IgG). Discussion Four patients were tested for viral infections using ELISA technique and the results showed positive for some patients for some of the viral infections. The ELISA results obtained were good and no errors were made. This might be due to accurate practical skills such as pipetting, appropriate filling of the wells, proper emptying and washing of the plate. Furthermore accurate serum dilution and measurement has also added to the accuracy of the results. Controlling the experimental conditions such as incubation time has also lead to improved results. To obtain better results volume measurement, dilutions, experimental conditions can be improved further. The volume measurement can be improved by accurately use of Gilson pipettes by ensuring there is no air bubbles and the pipettes are fully calibrated. Experimental condition can be improved by carefully monitoring the incubation duration. Patient’s case study Patient 1 A 56 years old patient was admitted with dense reddish brown maculopapular rash, headache, low grade fever, spot rash, mild abdominal discomfort and diarrhoea, high temp, mild conjunctivas symptoms. Throat swab done by the GP didn’t reveal any severe symptoms, but was referred for antiviral antibodies screening examination. After performing antiviral antibody screening the results showed positive for measles (IgM) and CMV (IgG). IgM is made during immune response in the early stage of infection and is mainly found in lymph fluid and blood where it functions as neutralizer against harmful agents. Whereas IgG is made in the late stage of infection and stays in the body for a long period of time. Due to its long survival period in the body IgG is useful for passive immunization. IgG is mainly found in blood, lymph fluid, cerebrospinal fluid and peritoneal fluid and plays a vital role in humoral immune response by activating the complement system (Lima, 2012). The sign and symptom s of the patients is similar to measles therefore indicating that the patients might be suffering from measles and might be in the early stages of the infection due to IgM found in the serum sample and macolopapular rash is also the sign of the infection at early stages. The mild abdominal discomfort, diarrhoea, and cold-like symptoms also indicates that the patient might suffer from CMV infections, but since IgG is found in patient’s serum sample, the infection might also be the result of immunisation and prior infection. All the symptoms of this patient are also the symptoms of measles therefore this patient might suffer from measles in the early stage of it, because of the antibody IgM and the reddish macolopapular rash is also found in the early stage of the infection) . Currently there are no means of preventing the developed measles infection, but the symptoms can be reduced using approved medications such fever-reducers, antibiotics, and vitamin A supplements (Permar e t al, 2006). Patient 2 A healthy 8 years old boy was examined by GP in a routine check and was referred for full blood counts. From the physical examination, the GP found that the boy was having faint cracking-like sound due to sever cold that he has been suffering since 3 weeks. Eczema-like rash was also observed, which was treatable by E45 creams, but the cause of this symptom was not clearly known as he has no family history of eczema. After his full blood count revealed no abnormalities and the cause of eczema was not known, his GP referred him for antiviral antibodies screening. The screening result showed that the boy was positive for Measles and Rubella (IgG) infections. The signs and symptoms of this patient appears to be different from the sign and symptoms and Rubella and Measles apart from the cold that the patient was suffering from. One of the first signs of Measles and Rubella infection is red-pinkish rash, where in Measles it appear to be observable for a week and in Rubella it lost for at l east 3-7 days, but varies from patient to patient. The patient always had eczema-like rash, which means that the patient might not be infected by Measles or Rubella. The positive results obtained from antiviral screen might be due to immunisation and prior infections. Since the patient is not suffering from virus infection, the doctor ca refer him to Dermatologist for eczema examination. Since he is suffering from cold, the patient can take cold reducing medications (Gen,1999). Patient 3 A 26 years old healthy female attend her GP for confirmation of her pregnancy test after she tested at home using home pregnancy test about a week ago and got positive results. She believes she is about 28 days pregnant, but this is her fist confirmation although she has been pregnant in the past and had early miscarriage about 10 months ago. GP preformed second pregnancy test and the positive results confirmed that she is pregnant. Since she was only 4 years old when moved to UK from Tajikistan, her medical record is available from the age of 6. Due to incomplete medical records, the patient is advised to carry out blood test so that her vaccination status can be known, therefore antiviral antibody screen was carried out and the results appear positive for Measles infection. The development of MMR vaccination appear to be very successful against this viral infection and due to improve and advancement of MMR vaccination, Measles infection has become less common now, but it shows to b e dangerous among pregnant women if occur. This is because Measles might lead to miscarriage, stillbirth or early delivery if the pregnant individual is not immune against the infection. Although patient 3 do not display any sign and symptoms, but the antiviral antibody screen shows that she is positive for this infection. This positive result suggests that the miscarriage that she had might be due to Measles infection. However this cannot be said with certainty, because of her incomplete medical history. The antiviral positive result might be due to early infection or immunization. Since her medical history is not fully known, she probably needs MMR vaccination to make sure she is immunized against the viral infection Normally the signs and symptoms of Measles infection tend to appear between 6 and 21 days. . Therefore it’s important that she is aware of any signs symptoms such as fever, cold and any skin rash that might appear at later stages of Measles infection. If she is infected then human normal immunoglobin (HNIG) treatment can be carried out to reduce the symptoms of infection. However this does not mean that miscarriage can be prevented (Permar, 2006). Patient 4 A 43 years old male who had kidney transplantation 9 months ago due to kidney failure, which was caused as a result of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, which was diagnosed at the age of 11. The patient had a good diet and controlled blood glucose, but due change in life style and alcohol consumption and irregular insulin administration his blood glucose level has changed and become unpredictable. This life style has led to impaired kidney functioning, which resulted in estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) of 30ml/min. After monitoring eGFR about 3 months, a steady reduction was observed until the age of 39 with eGFR of 10ml/min. Although the patient was under dialysis, he was introduced to ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) while waiting for suitable kidney donor for transplantation. After a few months CAPD treatment, he was referred to haemodialysis, which was carried out 3 times a week, because he could not get on with CAPD. After successful single kidney transplant, the patient shows to recover well from the surgery and the kidney appeared to function well. Following the checkups, the patient appeared to feel better and showed good recovery. However, the patient complained of generally unwell feelings with severe cold/ flu, where he has suffer for at least couple of weeks. Chest pain, abdominal cramps with diarrhea was also reported on this visit and physical examination shows some abdominal tenderness with no swelling or any other tenderness and normal blood pressure. The Auscultation examination however showed crackling and wheezing sounds. Microbial culturing was performed on stool and mid-stream urine samples a land with full blood count, creatinine measurement and an antiviral antibody screen examination. The microbial culture from urine samples revealed nothing significant and eGFR shows to be similar to last check up (10ml/min). The full blood count however shows that the Haemoglobin concentration was 12g/do, which is lower than the normal range (normal range 13-18g/dL) and this is thought to be as a result of impaired glomerular filtration rate, which is caused due to kidney failure and his haemoglobin concentration might be also low due to his kidney-transplantation and the immunosuppressive medication that he receives which causes mild bone-marrow suppression causing low hemoglobin concentration (Joist et al, 2006) . All other parameter however appear to be within the normal ranges indicating nothing significant. But the white blood count appears to be slightly higher than the normal range. The normal white blood count is 4-11Ãâ€"10 to the 9/L, whereas the patients count is 11.110 to the 9/L. This indicates that the patient might be suffering from viral infection. This is eviden t from the antiviral antibody screen examination, where the patient appeared to be positive for CMV (IgM), Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (IgG). Therefore it is the Measles infection that causes the while blood cell counts to alter. In general viral infections disrupts the bone marrow function temporarily and this leads to variation in white blood cell counts. The severe cold/flu, abdominal discomfort and diarrhea that the patient is suffering from is also the signs of CMV infection, this is because individuals who undergo organ transplantation are more susceptible to CMV infection (Rafailidis et al, 2012).The reason that the individuals are susceptible is because the medication they received reduces the immune system response to avoid rejection of kidney transplant (Cordero et al, 2012). However the patient does not display any symptoms for Rubella, Measles and Mumps, but the positive antiviral screening result might be due to previous infection or immunization. His crackling and whee zing sound might be result of cardiovascular disease that he might suffer from because of his lifestyle Kataoka, 2008). In order to stay healthy the patient needs to improve his lifestyle by improving his diet by reducing/stopping alcohol consumption. If the symptoms of CMV becomes worse than antiviral drug can be used. If the immune system is temporary weakened then there is no need for any antiviral drug, because the patient will recover from the infection when the immune system is recovered. List of references Cordero, E. et al. (2012). Cytomegalovirus disease in kidney transplant recipients: incidence, clinical profile, and risk factors. Elsevier. [Online] 44 (3) p. 694-700. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22483471. [Accessed: 15/02/2015] Gen. (1999). Immunoglobulin (IgG) and (IgM) Antibody Responses to Rabies Vaccine .Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, Elstree, Hertfordshire, U.K. 40 (10), p595-604. Griffiths, P. D . (2002). Cause and Treatment Of Cytomegalovirus Infection.Journal of Antimicrobial Therapy. 49 (2), 243-255 Joist, H. Brennan, D.C. Coyne, D.W. (2006). Anaemia in the kidney-transplant patient. Journal of The American Society of Nephrology. [Online] 13(1) p. 4-10. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16412965. [Accessed: 11/03/2015]. Kataoka, H. Matsuno, O. (2008). Age-Related Pulmonary Crackles (Rales) in Asymptomatic Cardiovascular Patients. Annals of Family Medicine. [Online] 6(3) p.239-245. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2384982/. [Accessed: 15/03/2015] Lima, R. C. et al (2012). Interpretation of the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies in a rapid test for dengue: analysis of dengue antibody prevalence in Fortaleza City in the 20th year of the epidemic. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine. [Online]. 45(2) p. 163-167. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22534985. [Accessed: 22/03/2015]. Permar, S. R, Griffin, D. E and Letvin, N. L. (2006). Immune Containment and Consequences of Measles Virus Infection in Healthy and Immunocompromised Individuals.CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY,. 13 (4), 437–443. Rafailidis et al,. (2012). Sever cytomegalovirus infection in apparently immunocompetent patients: a systematic review. Virology Journal. [Online] 5 (47) p. 1-7. Available from: http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/47 [Accessed: 11/02/2015] Tingle, A. J, Allen, M, Petty, R. E, Ketthyles, G. D and Chantler, J. K. (2015). Rubella Associated Arthritis: Comparative Study of Joint Manifestation Associated With Natural Rubella Infection.Annals Review of the Rheumatic Diseases. 45 (1), 110-119.

The Enduring Hero in the Works of Ernest Hemingway Essay -- Biography

The Enduring Hero in the Works of Ernest Hemingway      Ã‚  Ã‚   In his vast collection of masterpieces, Ernest Hemingway uses his own characteristics to set a moral code for his various heroes. This sportsman like code is based on the admiration of the physical virtues of courage and endurance. While not necessary for sustaining society, the code conforms the characters to one set of characteristics (McCaffery 237). One key element of this code is stoic endurance in the face of calamity. Hemingway's code heroes posses a grin-and-bear it attitude even in the most dire of tragedies and bounce back seemingly unaffected (McCaffery 237). Often Hemingway tests the moral of the character in confrontations with death, which frequently directs his plots to violent situations. The very idea of living in Hemingway's imaginative world is a test of endurance, but through his cod heroes he portrays the idea that perseverance through tragedy will result in triumph.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From an early age Hemingway was a rugged, enduring boy with an insatiable desire for action. "The father gave him his first fishing rod when Ernest was not yet three years old an his first shotgun when he was ten"(McCaffery 45). In his school years he had a strong competitive spirit and a burning wish to excel. At the age of fourteen, Hemingway persuaded his father to pay for boxing lessons. On the first day he sparred with young A'Hearn, a middleweight training for his next fight, and Hemingway was quickly knocked down with a bloody nose. Hemingway responded to the question of why he fought by saying "I wasn't that scared" (McCaffery 45). After graduation he was rejected from the army because of an injured eye. He endured this minor setback and signed up as a Red Cross a... ...aker, Carlos. Hemingway the Writer as Artist. Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press, 1973. Walter, Caterway. Catherine's Role in A Farewell to Arms. Rpt in Harold Bloom Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms. Broomall, Pennsylvania : Chelsea House Publishers, 1996. Geismar, Maxwell. Writers in Crisis the American Novel, 1925-1940. Boston, Massachusetts : Houghton Mifflin, 1961. Gellens, Jay. Twentieth Century Interpretations of A Farewell to Arms. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1970. Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1957. _____. In Our Time. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1970. _____. The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories. New York : Collier Books, 1961. McCaffery, John. Ernest Hemingway: the Man and His Works. New York : Cooper Square Publishers, 1969.

City Slicker Meets Milking Cow :: essays research papers fc

So, Mr. City Slicker, this is the first time milking a cow! Heck, it just might be the first time touching one, unless college days involved cow tipping. If it helps the awkwardness, introduce yourself to her, and become acquainted before proceeding. And just a suggestion: Lose the tie! It won’t do much good drowning in a bucket of milk. Gather the materials, follow these instructions precisely, and in approximately twenty minutes, you will have successfully milked a cow. Elvin Brandt, a farmer in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, has been milking cows for half a century. (24 September 1998). Before beginning, a cow must be present, or it’s fruitless to read on. Milk is made and stored in the cow’s udder. The udder is a large predominantly round sack under the cow toward the back between the two back legs. It is â€Å"divided into four separate quarters, each having its own milk supply† (Dairy Farm: Where Does Milk Come From?). At the bottom of each quarter is a teat (Ibid.). Milk shoots out of the teat when you simultaneously pull down and squeeze the teat (Brandt). Next, gather materials needed to milk the cow: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The milking bucket will be needed to collect the milk as the udder is emptied. It must be sterile and stainless steel. Brandt stresses that it’s imperative that these buckets not rust, and cleanliness is very important when dealing with any food. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The straining bucket is used to strain particles out of the milk. It is rather unusual looking as it is shaped like a â€Å"V†. Like the milking bucket, the straining bucket must be sterile and stainless steel. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An antiseptic solution of iodine and a clean cloth is used to wash the udder before milking to control disease. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A three-legged stool is absolutely necessary to milk a cow. The three legs allow for balance plus you can tip towards the cow if needed. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A straining cloth will also be needed to strain the milk after it is collected. It will be placed over the opening to the straining bucket and the milk will be passed through the cloth. Complete cooperation is necessary from the cow. â€Å"Treat the cow properly not only during the milking process, but also from the time the cow is moved to the milking area† (Milking). 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To prevent disease, the teats must be clean and disinfected. An Internet resource mysteriously named just â€Å"Rachel† states that â€Å"each of the four teat’s on each cow’s udder must be wiped, dipped with an iodine solution to clean them, then dried to prevent dirt and manure from getting into the milk.

American Gothic Literature Essay

American gothic literature became popular in the 19th century when writers started to captivate reader’s attention with stories of mystery and tragedy. This literary scheme was most effective due to it being able to compare real society in a more bizarre sense. In all great Gothic stories, the writer is proving a point on what society needs to realize. In Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† (553), Hawthorne shows the journey of a young man who is slowly being corrupted and robbed of his innocence. In this story, Hawthorne also uses symbolism to provide mystery and hint at the meaning of the story of society’s corruptness. Although, American gothic literature was one of the first types of popular American literature, the literature was influenced by earlier gothic writers. Who started to invent gothic literature, which was developed around 1800 in Europe. These earlier writers, such as Shelly who wrote Frankenstein and other stories of tragedy and horror, influenced the American gothic writers, such as Poe and Hawthorne, to write their own renditions of gothic literature, thus birthing American gothic literature. There are many different schemes which go into making a good work of gothic literature. First off the point of view, point of view is such a vital part to the story because the point of view helps provide mystery and foreshadowing which are both important to gothic literature. Gothic literature also interprets chaos in society mostly by exaggerating stories. In addition Gothic literature usually goes from good to bad giving the reader no dynamic character, and ultimately producing a tragedy, which creates the whirlpool where the protagonist is slowly sucked into by the antagonist. All these schemes are all important to gothic literature and are integrated with symbolism and foreshadowing, creating mystery and allowing the reader to think of the true meaning of the story. For example in Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†, (149) the story is on a drastic down fall from the beginning, when the protagonist Roderick Usher, calls his friend to come over while he is sick. Roderick already starting off the story as a little mentally ill slowly starts to become more insane. Roderick is affected by his gloomy, near destroyed house and his marriage with his own sister, which creates love and tragedy. The true climax happens towards the end when Roderick buries his sister alive purposely to avoid his marriage. His actions then resulted in the death of himself, and the fall of the house, which Poe uses to show the fall of the Usher family, thus providing the reader with a whirlpool effect, no character growth, and ultimately chaos. This form of gothic literature was not only popular in the 19th century though. American gothic literature began to grow and is still loved by many readers today. These early writers inspired new writers such as Stephen King and many others to create their own works of gothic. In fact, many horror films provide the same schemes that these earlier writers provided. Providing the reader or viewer the same mystery and chaos Poe provided earlier on. In conclusion American gothic literature is a prolific form which captivates many people’s attention with its view on society. With the usage of different forms of symbolism and other literary schemes enhancing the readers experience. This form of literature has been so effective, that American gothic literature still exists today, and still has the same effect it used to. Now even more so in films the type of literature truly has a way of captivating the reader’s attention by providing such a suspenseful experience.

“500 Days Of Summer” Film Essay

Non- literal communication dramas a pick up role in signifying the status of gobbler and Summers birth. Provide discernment examples of how proxemics, eye contact, touch, and chronemics be articulated in the film.Interpersonal communication skills provide the tools to direct a foundation for friendships and romantic relationships. mesh and communicative communication are looked into with more(prenominal) discretion in interpersonal relationships. In the motion picture 500 Days of Summer, audiences a lot of gestural communication. The movie shows characters tom turkey Hansen and Summer Finn during their attempts to build a relationship. tom and Summers experiences shows issues such as conflicts within a romantic relationship, and nonverbal communication. In 500 Days of Summer, nonverbal communication signified a capital deal between tomcat and Summer. angiotensin converting enzyme example of nonverbal communication is when gobbler r severallyed to hold Summers reach in public, but Summer travel her hand quickly away from his, so that they wouldnt hold hands. Not plainly was she letting him know she did not sine qua non to show affection in forepart of anyone, but she was stating her loss of interest in him romantically.However, moments such as this were evidence of interracial messages Summer usually showed to Tom. She did keep corporal intimacy with him. However, she did not want to publically establish a romantic relationship with him. Then again nonverbal messages are more easy to change and destine another than verbal meanings. A lucky butt end express comfort or just being happy or smiling because someone else in smiling at you. Another example that of non verbal communication that showed, is when Tom and Summer went to the retentiveness and they were flirting with each other and playing the roles if they were all ready living together. The Proxemics in that chosen area gave them the opportunity so show more affection with eac h other. They had a depiction of the future they could soak up with one another.To go more into depth they were already a lot of problems that were spillage on between Tom and Summers relationship. thither were more nonverbal cues between Tom and Summer. A lot of problems came in to play when one of them confused ormisinterpreted the others nonverbal communications. All in all, relationships are build upon building blocks of many subjects. In the movie 500 Days of Summer, one can see the nonverbal communication through out the whole movie. People lead see Tom and Summers example of how relationships are able to form, as well as how relationships can be terminated from the non verbal communication skills with many other communication problems.

Was the Reconstruction Period a Failure

Was Reconstruction a failure? As the bloody cultivated struggle drew to a close, the intent of reconstructive memory began to betroth shape across the states. on that point were many questions steamy following the war regarding the physical re-building of the population, demobilisation and close importantly what was to replace the pre-war norm of bondage? the Statess get on the latter, was of course both(prenominal) vague, with differing opinions from the North to the South, these differences which should have been settled with the terminus of the well-bred War meant the war on the battlefield had transgressed to sensation on a social and political level. and as Michael Les Benedict quite aptly states that winning had been more than important than figuring out what to do afterwards, which resulted in a sporadic reconstructive memory world hale by dissimilar motives. When looking at how winning the Reconstruction occlusion was in America iodin should consider th e intentions behind much(prenominal) Reconstructing, this poses the question accordingly of whether the finale was ane of rebuilding relations amid the North and the South or amid the slaves and citizens?This act will look at thitherfore the prove at creating an more and more harmonious nation with the kerfuffle of unstoppable de accompanimento discrimination that made reconstruction a void period. When discussing the reconstruction some decide to come with the Emancipation Proclamation where Lincoln addressed the nation on 1st January 1863 I do effect and declare that all persons held as slaves within verbalize designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free. This of course was the uncreated leap into the unknown, provided as this was non passed with Congress and in that location solitary(prenominal) when being a few states states vary state renders 1863 as an ineffectual starting date for the Reconstruction period. However what wa s important during this time was the role of Afri buns Americans in the war which shaped their position in post-war America. By the wars end, some 180,000 b privations had served in the conjugation Army. Although in that respect was severe dissatisfaction over conscription, the opportunities offered in the forces was the pes for the move towards equality.Primarily it was an opportunity for Afro-Americans to prove their cleverness and ability to be disciplined this allowed them to be seen as equals, as equal as possible as the time. Although slavery was still legally intact, in the summer of 1862 General Butler began substituting a constitution of compensated labour, Butlers recognition of multitude status of b leave out soldiers was an example of the positive outcome of the war, and what impact It had on desegregation even though most of the soldiers spoke scornfully of niggers there was an un-admitted legality that the war could not have been won without the assistance of the Negros.Learning from the military integration and prevailing the passing of the thirteenth Amendment in 1865 dictum the true beginning of the reconstruction period and as a result there was an increase of active participation of African-Americans in society. local anesthetic leaders played such a mix of roles in schools, churches, and fraternal organizations that were bridges to the larger demesne of politics. The primary source of involvement was through the parishes except Afro-Americans were soon able to influence their way hitherto as in 1865 John S.Rock of Boston was the basic caustic lawyer admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court, this showed that easy the Norths racial barriers began to fall. This positive replace not only saw the increased integration of b inadequacys within the judicial branch, moreover also in the executive, among the ablest were Robert B. Elliott of South Carolina and John R. lynch of Mississippi. Both were speakers of their state H ouse of Representatives and were members of the U. S. Congress. However such was short operated due to the ever increasing vehemence from the Ku Klux Klan this shows that the restoration was limited to the North.As forwardly mentioned the 13th Amendment was a milestone in the road to freedom or blacks, however the amendment closed one question only to open a host of others. This was because although freed on make-up and equal under the law, Afro-Americans were not quite regarded as equal under the eyes of society. The federal regime therefore set up a evasive organisation the Freedmans Bureau which meant there was a freer attitude towards supplying money for plantation equipment, clothing, and food, including salt, bacon, and other necessities for the Negros. The was a successful outcome of the Bureau, however there was obvious weaknesses within the Bureau, commenting on the organisation, a citizen expresses that it would have been wise if our statesmen could have received, digested and acted upon the answers these men blacks gave to their questions. This suggested the fooling attitude the bureau had towards the emancipate slaves, rendering the instauration of a new life increasingly delicate without federal attend.Further evidence of the federals restricted willingness to give aid can be seen through their attitude as for a while northerners regarded the proposed Fourteenth Amendment as an fabulously lenient settlement of the gracious War. Prior to this the Civil Rights execution had been passed in 1866 which declared that every aftermath and color, without regard to any previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall have the homogeneous right. This shows that had the 14th amendment seen to be besides radical then the importance of the Civil Rights Act had not been thoroughly en force of authorized. Years in front the end of slavery, black abolitionist Charles L. Reason had predicted that freedom would impose severe trials upon the freedman. This prediction of course was one of great clarity as during the reconstruction period there was a general neglect of liberate slaves and a re-establishment and maintenance of white supremacy.The neglect can be seen though the inefficiency to support the released slaves and their struggle during the reconstruction period, finding employment and housing, food, clothes and medicine for the flow of refugees into the Department was almost unacceptable. There was such piddling prospect for a freed slave that the result was to work practically how life had been previous to the 13th Amendment plainly without chains or to get involved with sharecropping which resulted in the increase of Tenant farming. Planters had no desire to supercharge economic democracy, white or black, and no faith that freedman could farm successfully independent of whites. The lack of confidence in the freed man bears question to what it was very the Civil War was fought for. In 1861, the restoration of the Union, not emancipation, was the cause that generated the widest support for the war effort, this supports the evidence that there was a lack of concern for the liberated slaves, as this was not at the forefront of Americans objectives.Quite a punishing contri andion to the failure of the reconstruction period was none the little than the president at the time, Andrew Jackson. Following the assassination of Lincoln was the beginning of the end for the Reconstruction period as Jacksons interpretation of reconstruction was a objurgation of his southern prejudices. Jackson excluded blacks from politics, in fact excluded numerous problems from his time in potency Johnson had always conceived in limited government and a strict construction of the Constitution.In Congress, he had moved to put down the salaries of government workers, voted against aid to famine-stricken Irela nd, and even opposed appropriations to surface uppercases muddy streets. This could either be described as laissez faire methods of rule or negligence. Although the Civil Rights Act did eventually get passed this was with no give thanks to President Johnson, who during what was meant to be the restoration period vetoed it doubly meaning its eventual passing through copulation was due to an overall majority vote from his cabinet.The lack of the presidents intervention, or acceptance of the Sherman-Johnston agreement reflected the lenience accepted by the executive at the time as it was agreed that the executive authority of the government of the join States not to disturb by reason of the fresh war so long as they live in peace and quiet. This meant very liberal intercession of the ex-rebels of the Civil War. The leniency toward the de-mobilisation of the South meant it possible for the same people, the same issues that had precipitated the great war to remain. This therefo re reservation the restoration of slavery further possible, rather resistance to the original intentions of restoration, it was what Les Benedict described as the stopping point of the Confederate reconstruction. Laura Towne reported that the freedman would not believe that Lincoln was dead as he was the foundation for the emancipation of the slaves and one who had revolutionary visions at a time of prevalent discrimination. As previously mentioned, Afro-Americans were increasingly getting involved in positions and society however this was not true to everyone and was definitely not on the increase. Cleveland County, North Carolina, counted 200 black members of biracial Wesleyan churches in 1860, ten in 1867, and none pentad years later. There is a recurring stylus of the laissez faire method of rule or negligence towards the Afro-Americans during the reconstruction period. Under President Ulysses S. Grant the state produced less forms of reconstructive policies to protect t he blacks from a prejudice society. He had won election in 1868 by urging, let us have peace, and he had not intervened in the South until Klan force play had forced his hand. This shows the executives turning a blind eye towards the violence and discrimination that prevailed throughout the reconstruction period. Not only was there negligence towards imposing protection for the emancipated slaves, but there were further restrictions implemented on their freedom such as the Black Codes Sec. 3. any negro is required to be in the unceasing service of some white person, or motive owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of said Negro. This shows that although black slaves were meant to have been emancipated, there was always the clause of being emancipated under the control of the white man.The fact the white man had control over the emancipated slave made freed life sometimes harder than the years of slavery. Additionally although the 15th amendment was passed with th e intention of enabling the emancipated the privilege of the vote, it was not long followed by the constraining Jim Crow laws which had further implication into the post-Reconstruction period and into the ordinal century. The Crow laws not only made it impossible for makes to ascertain suffrage due to the Grandfather Clause, but enabled de facto segregation.The reconstruction period was not only a failure due to the legislation or lack of legislation, but the economic depression resulted in the commencement ceremony great crisis of industrial capitalism permanently holdfast the nature of economic enterprise, and had profound political and ideological consequences. This meant that due to economic hardship there was a decrease in sympathy towards the Negro who had zipper compared with the white man who had nothing. By the end of 1874 tight half the nations iron furnaces had hang operation The reconstruction period was one that saw a plethora of legislative change, however not all for the better.There were many empty promises directed at the liberated slaves, however liberated is not the countervail term to use. The emancipated slaves saw little to no improvement in their lives, and not only were the reconstruction a failure with regards improving relations between North and South it was a failure with repairing relations between the slave and the citizen. The fact the reconstruction period was so short and its ending reverted back to previous times renders the reconstruction period a failure. There remained the underlying intentions, just lacked motivation to implement the reconstruction of the United states.Additionally these intentions derived from a handful of just tending(p) thinkers such as Lincoln, however there were overly many, with great power who were not yet put to accept the equality that was preached to clearly in the result of Independence, the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th amendment. Therefore as there was such little actual change when reflected against how much legislative change at Washington makes the Reconstruction period a failure as perception, treatment and understanding of a different line of achievement did not improve.